What type of power is characterized by reliance on force or threats to maintain control?

The correct choice is characterized by utilizing force or the threat of force as a means to maintain control and influence over individuals or groups. This kind of power leverages fear as a motivator, compelling compliance through intimidation or the potential for adverse consequences. Coercive power often leads to a lack of voluntary cooperation, as those under its influence may comply only to avoid negative outcomes, rather than out of respect or commitment.

In contrast, legitimate power stems from a recognized authority or position, suggesting control based on formal roles rather than intimidation. Referent power is based on the admiration or respect that others have for an individual, making it a positive form of influence. Reward power relies on the ability to give benefits or rewards in exchange for compliance or desired behaviors. Each of these alternatives illustrates different mechanisms of influence, but coercive power specifically focuses on the use of threats or force to establish dominance and control.